The solution was to go to Form Display of the relevant Content Type, and assign some image preview to an image field (perhaps a one that was recently added, causing the error in the first place). Then click "Update" on the field, and possibly refresh the cache.

Note: I have made several modifications to address this issue, and cleared the cache multiple times. It is possible that some other step that I've taken resolved the issue. However, I believe that as it is described ^ above, following these steps would address this issue in your case.

If you continue to experience the same behavior even after performing the steps outlined above, I recommend retracing each configuration change carefully and ensuring that your browser or application is not holding onto outdated settings. In some cases, it may help to restart the service or device entirely so that all changes take effect properly. Additionally, reviewing any recent updates or extensions that might interfere with expected functionality can provide further clues if the issue persists.